Current status and prospects for steady direct electric heating

Electricity - neotemny part of our civilization. It is generally associated with the production process, lighting appliances, work of the various mechanisms and other functions, and only a small extent we are talking about electricity as a source of thermal energy.

It is this aspect of the whole is devoted to the meeting and, therefore, my speech.

According to various estimates on the target heating and hot water is consumed here in Russia, 20 - 25% of all energy used. This suggests the importance of rational use of the country's economy. In general, taking into account the open spaces of Russia and the geographical location (north). On this day:

- Russia spent an average of 300 - 600 kW • h / m ² per year (800)

- Germany - 250 - 260 kW • h / m ² in the year

- Finland - 125 - 135 kW • h / m ² in the year [I (9), I (7)]

This shows the huge reserves in the area of ​​heating and hot water. It should be noted another trend that will be characteristic of Russia in the structure of energy consumption. Today, domestic consumption of the population is 12 ÷ 15% in developed countries, up to 25%, and predicted up to 40 ÷ 60%. 

If you look at the structure of the population of individual energy consumption, then, for example, I [7] for Sweden, characterized by the following indicators:

• 50 ÷ 55% - heating;

• 30 ÷ 35% - hot water;

• 15 ÷ 20% - food and more.

Therefore: 1. Heating is the most energy intensive sector;

Two. In the most significant reserve of heating energy savings.

We now turn to the steady-state heating is direct electrical heating (PSEO). To install it using 4 types of equipment:

A. Heaters.

Two. Cable "warm floors".

Three. Infrared heaters.

4. Adjustable and programmable devices.

Heaters about 2 ÷ 3 times cheaper than the "warm floor" and infrared equipment, but they are less efficient and less comfortable during the operation. Management allows you to adjust the temperature in each room within 5 ÷ 30 ° C. All this equipment has a low-temperature heating elements, with a lifetime of 25 years, the electromagnetic radiation satisfy the most stringent standards and lower than many household appliances. They do not emit odors, do not change the humidity. With proper installation for high fire safety.

I will not dwell on the environmental benefits of electric heating and security. The report focuses on the economic component.

My position is that all types of heating systems should be used, but the specific choice of method is determined by economic and environmental characteristics, which depend on the available energy tariff policy, the current management structure, financial capacity, etc.

If you look at the integrated energy in the generalized scheme of the traditional centralized heating and electricity, which has always been decentralized (Fig. number 1), it can be seen on all key parameters has the advantage of electric heating.

A. Efficiency of power plants and boiler rooms are not below the boiler, the efficiency to the efficiency of ≤ e.

Two. Transportation losses are lower in energy; RT> ER.

Three. Capital expenditures for transportation line of heat to the consumer at lower electric heating; Ztt> ZES.

4. Capital expenditure on water supply and electricity production is higher than the production of electricity only; Sk + Zel> Zel.

Five. Heat losses at the consumer in the traditional heating is higher than when using electricity; ΣRIT> ΣRIE.

6. Installation and maintenance of electric heating is cheaper than conventional systems: ΣMIT> ΣM Ie.

7. Lifetime elektrootopitelnyh systems are 2-3 times greater than that of water-cooled systems.

Cost-effectiveness of a particular variant of heating is determined by energy prices, SEN, the cost of heat ST and tariffs for electricity SEL.

Of course, somewhere we could go wrong, did not consider any questions and happy to fix itself. In general, the conclusion about the viability and economic feasibility of electric heating, especially in a crisis in the housing we have in Russia.

Individual house.

Country house detached residence with a total area 248 m2 heated by electric heaters and floor heating.

2 used a special tariff scheme for electric heating: 4:00 - high rate, 20 hours - low rates. Normal tariff for electricity with gas heating in the average 3.5 times more expensive.

Power of electric heating - 23.9 kW

Power appliances and water heater - 16.0 kW;

Pool Pumps - 9.0 kW;

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Peak Power - 48.9 kW.

At the entrance was the main machine 3h32A (21.6 kW)

The problem of capacity constraints solved a special three-phase controller, which is above a given cut off the power of certain groups of consumers.

Thermal energy and economic results for the 2000-2001 heating season are as follows:

The high rate - 592 kW / h;

Low Rates - 30,296 kW / h;

Total fee - 37978.53 CZK ≈ 1265 ˆ

The cost of equipment and installation - 3232 ˆ

The cost of heating for the season 1 m2 - 5,1 ˆ

The cost of electricity per 1 m2. - 125 kW • h (Finland)

Total energy expenditure and payment for electricity was lower than anticipated costs for electricity and gas heating in the traditional approach.

Figure 1 shows the annual electricity consumption for the same individual at home: warm floors, heaters, teplonakopiteli, electric water heater, boiler for natural gas, heat pumps and heaters, heat pumps and underfloor heating (water).

Figure 2 shows the capital cost of the installation of individual heating

Figure 3 shows the annual energy consumption in the individual house without heating (vodonagrev, lighting, appliances, etc.).

Conclusions.

At all sites examined confirmed the design characteristics and justification of the use of electric heating. The use of special tariff provides for mutual economic and technical benefits to the user and seller of energy. Using the power limiters can not exceed the allowable power consumption, and equalize the burden on the provider.

III. Cost-effectiveness of individual objects.

3.1. Kalinin NPP (Tver Region). Designed a sports complex consisting of 2 large rooms (football field and two tennis courts), and various support facilities.

Total area - 4168 m2.

The total volume - 40,150 m3.

It was given the task to analyze and compare the traditional heating system from the city's thermal units and electric heating. With electric heating panels and laid infrared heaters. Cost of equipment 25,000 ≈ ˆ. Conventional heating in 2 - 2.5 times more expensive. Installation works were about the same because of the height of the object and the requirements of the cable on the roof of the pipes.

Operating costs for electric heating, without grace, and 2-tariff regime were approximately 2 times lower than in the classical system.

Calculations were made for electric heating in 3 different companies, and the results were similar. Assessment of operating costs was carried out by different methods. A private firm's results were at the level of electric heating.

If electricity from nuclear power plants will be sold directly to lower rates, methods used peak alignment, as well as 2-tariff system, the environmental effect is assumed more tangible.

Today, the most significant consumer of electricity for heating purposes are for the big cities country houses and cottages. It is here that most clearly the advantages and opportunities of electric heating: a wide range of temperature control to turn off heating in unused rooms, etc. The main problem - the administrative and physical limitations of the power supply.

Analysis of capital expenditure shows that the cost of electric heating in 2 - 3 times lower than that of the traditional approach. Operating costs for gas, diesel fuel, coal and electricity, we concluded that at today's price ratio, direct electric heating is comparable to low-cost or cost of heating that uses gas-fired boilers.

And only in the homes of more than 150 - 200 m2 for permanent residence can be seen the economic advantages of heating with gas. However, issues of reliability, safety, environment may negate the benefits.

One of the most promising areas of use of electric heating - this city's economy in terms of reforming the centralized heating system ISKH. Obsolete boilers 50 - 60s, renovated 50 - 60% of heating, poor insulation in housing stock, the replacement pipe radiators in the rooms will require a serious economic analysis, and in my opinion, in many cases electric heating in an objective approach will be effective.

Unfortunately, administrative controls, formed a society prejudice, ignorance of the modern electric heating options prevents widespread adoption of these approaches.

So for schools, hospitals and other public institutions can be established special rates, providing environmental, reliability and stability of heating.

Historic city centers, architectural and cultural monuments, churches, temples and concert halls, sports facilities and other facilities - potential consumers of electricity.

It is convenient to use this kind of stalls and pavilions, shops, hairdressers, offices, etc. Especially promising may be considered northern and remote areas. So in the permafrost regions cities and towns with central heating pipes penetrated (3 tubes) of large diameter, fitted with expensive boilers with a significant staff, expensive, powerful pumps.

We assume that under these conditions, the benefits and advantages of decentralized heating systems should be especially noticeable (for example, the Tour).

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